International Journal of Health and Clinical Research

Gastroretentive sustained release beads of Lamivudine

2025-04-28T06:42:28+00:00

The objective of the investigation described is to develop gastroretentive sustained release beads of Lamivudine using sodium alginate and Eudragit S100 through the ionotropic gelation method. The resulting solution was extruded into a cross-linking solution containing calcium chloride (1% w/v) and acetic acid (10% v/v) using a 22 gauge syringe needleThe in vitro release profiles of the Lamivudine beads were assessed using 0.01N HCl as the dissolution medium. The oral bioavailability of the optimized microsphere dosage forms was evaluated through a single-dose study, revealing significant differences in parameters such as Cmax (maximum plasma concentration), Tmax (time to reach Cmax), T1/2 (elimination half-life), Ka (absorption rate constant), Ke (elimination rate constant), MRT (mean residence time), MDT (mean dissolution time), and AUC (area under the concentration-time curve) when compared to conventional tablets. Furthermore, a linear relationship was observed between the percentages of dissolved and absorbed Lamivudine, suggesting the possibility of predicting in vivo absorption by measuring in vitro dissolution.To determine the significance of the data, one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey test was employed. The results indicated that the F3 formulation exhibited the best in vivo performance, demonstrating a controlled release profile that correlated well with the in vitro release profile of Lamivudine from the microspheres. This optimized formulation holds promise for the improved management of AIDS.

Candidiasis Among ICU Patients: Risk factors, Speciation and Antifungal Resistance Pattern: A Retrospective study from a tertiary care hospital in south Gujarat.

2025-04-28T06:53:18+00:00

Introduction:Candidiasis is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients admitted in intensive care units. Identification of Candida species is essential for effective treatment. However, in absence of proven fungemia, guidelines to initiate therapy are yet to be defined. Materials and methods - During the study (18 months: July 2018 to December 2019), samples (urine, sputum, blood, sterile body fluids) were collected from ICU patients and prospectively evaluated. Microscopy, culture, and antifungal susceptibility testing were performed as per standard laboratory protocol. Results- One hundred twenty-one non-duplicate samples (from 121 patients) positive on culture were included in the study. Female was significantly associated with the development of Candida infections than males with a ratio of 1.2:1. The most prevalent co-morbid condition among patients with Candida infections was diabetes mellitus (36.36%). Candida species revealed that Candida Albicans (51.24%) was the most frequently isolated species surpassing other non-albicans Candida species. Among non-albicans Candida species Candida glabrata (43.80%) was the most common isolated species followed by Candida tropical (4.13%). Candida species were mostly isolated from urine (70.25%) followed by blood(22.31%) and sterile body fluids(7.4%). Candida albican sensitivity was lowest for fluconazole (69.35%). Candida glabrata and candida tropicalis had shown alarming resistance to flucanazole and clotrimazole.Conclusion - The growing resistance to fluconazole necessitates the consideration of voriconazole as a highly effective alternative when initial treatment regimens do not succeed. In summary, the rising resistance of Candida species to ketoconazole emphasizes the vital need for precise species identification and antifungal susceptibility testing prior to the commencement of treatment. As resistance patterns develop, it is essential to maintain continuous surveillance and prudent application of antifungal medications to enhance patient outcomes and address the escalating challenge posed by drug-resistant fungal pathogens. This situation underscores the importance of antifungal susceptibility testing and monitoring to effectively tackle and manage resistance.

Formulation, evaluation and optimization of microspheres of anti-inflammatory drug diacerein using polymer carbopol for the treatment of osteoarthritis

2025-05-09T10:07:25+00:00

The objectives of the present study were to select a formulation that has an ideal in vitro dissolution profile and to compare the sustaining/ controlling efficacy of the selected formulation with that of the commercial conventional tablet in order to establish a good degree of in vitro–in vivo correlation. The microspheres were subjected to characterization for particle size, encapsulation efficiency, loose crystal study, stability study, in vitro release rate profile, release kinetics and in vivo study in New Zealand white rabbit species. A single-dose oral bioavailability study revealed significant differences in Cmax, Tmax, T, Ka, Ke, MRT, MDT and AUC between the conventional tablet and optimized microsphere dosage forms. Furthermore, linear relationship obtained between the percentages dissolved and absorbed suggests a means to predict in vivo absorption by measuring in vitro dissolution. Thus F5 formulation showed the best in vivo performance exhibiting deliberate release.