Nanoparticles formulations of insulin glargine: an overview

Abstract

Insulin glargine, a long-acting insulin analog, is a cornerstone in the management of diabetes mellitus. However, its therapeutic efficacy is often hindered by limitations such as variable pharmacokinetics and suboptimal bioavailability. Nano-particle formulations have emerged as promising strategies to address these challenges, offering improved stability, prolonged action, and targeted delivery. This article provides an in-depth exploration of nano-particle formulation of insulin glargine, covering synthesis methods, physicochemical characterization, in vitro release kinetics, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation, and long-term efficacy studies. Various types of nano-particles, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and lipid nanoparticles, are discussed in detail, along with their potential advantages and challenges. Furthermore, preclinical and clinical studies assessing the therapeutic potential of nano-particle encapsulated insulin glargine are reviewed, shedding light on the translational opportunities and future directions in this field