Innovations in oral insulin delivery: the role of polymeric carriers in enhancing bioavailability

Abstract

Insulin therapy remains a cornerstone in the management of diabetes mellitus. However, conventional subcutaneous administration is associated with poor patient compliance, risk of hypoglycemia, and inconsistent pharmacokinetics. Oral insulin delivery, while more convenient and physiologically relevant, poses significant challenges due to enzymatic degradation and poor intestinal absorption. Recent advances in polymeric carriers have shown promise in overcoming these barriers. This review explores the current progress in polymer-based oral insulin delivery systems, emphasizing their design, mechanisms of protection and absorption enhancement, and clinical potential.